Evaluating arguments or explanations.

評估論證或解釋。

FOR NGSS:

When possible, students should be asked to evaluate competing or alternate arguments/explanations and apply the same analytic lens to evaluate multiple arguments/explanations.

在可能的情況下，應要求學生評估同類（競争的或替代的）論證/解釋，并應用相同的分析标準來評估多個論證/解釋。

0

No evidence of evaluating an argument.

沒有評估一個論證。

1

Restates an argument/explanation.

OR

States an opinion on the argument/explanation with minimal reference to evidence.

重述論證/解釋。

或

論述對論證/解釋的意見，引用了極少量證據。

2

Summarizes an argument/explanation.

States an opinion on the argument/explanation and rationale based on the relevance of the evidence.

總結一個論證/解釋。

根據證據的相關性，論述對論證/解釋和理由的意見。

FOR NGSS:

Considers whether the evidence is empirical.

考慮證據是否是實驗性的。

3

Accurately summarizes an argument/ explanation or specific claims.

Evaluates the logic of the reasoning and the relevance/nature of the evidence.

準确總結論證/解釋或具體論點。

評估推理邏輯和證據的相關性/性質。

FOR NGSS:

Considers whether empirical evidence is based on research and distinguishes among facts and opinions.

考慮實驗證據是否基于研究，并區分事實和觀點。

4

Accurately summarizes an argument/ explanation and specific claims.

Evaluates the argument based on the logic of the reasoning, relevance, and credibility of the evidence.

準确總結論證/解釋和具體論點。

根據推理邏輯、相關性和證據可信度評估論證。

FOR NGSS:

Considers whether interpretation of empirical evidence is scientifically reasonable.

考慮實驗證據的解釋是否科學合理。

5

Explains an argument/ explanation and specific claims.

Evaluates the argument based on the logic of the reasoning, relevance, and credibility of the evidence.

When relevant, identifies false statements and fallacious reasoning (i.e., logical fallacies).

解釋論證/解釋和具體論點。

根據推理邏輯、相關性和證據可信度來評估論證。

相關時，識别錯誤論述和謬誤推理（即邏輯謬誤）。

FOR NGSS:

Considers whether interpretation of empirical evidence is scientifically reasonable and whether it supports or refutes a scientific explanation or model.

考慮實驗證據的解釋是否科學合理，以及它是否支撐或反駁科學解釋或模型。

6

Clearly explains an argument/ explanation and specific claims.

Evaluates the argument by thoroughly assessing the logic of the reasoning and relevance, credibility, and sufficiency of the evidence.

When relevant, identifies false statements and fallacious reasoning (i.e., logical fallacies).

清楚地解釋了論證/解釋和具體論點。

通過徹底評估推理邏輯以及證據的相關性、可信度和充分性來評估論證。

相關時，識别錯誤論述和謬誤推理（即邏輯謬誤）。

FOR NGSS:

Considers the sufficiency and consistency of the empirical evidence, including the student's own generated evidence, and limitations of the empirical evidence.

考慮實驗證據的充分性和一緻性，包括學生自己生成的證據，以及實驗證據的局限性。

7

Clearly explains an argument/ explanation and specific claims.

Evaluates the argument by thoroughly assessing the logic of the reasoning and the relevance, credibility, sufficiency, and consistency of evidence.

When relevant, identifies false statements and fallacious reasoning (i.e., logical fallacies) and explains alternate claims or evidence to improve the logic of the argument/ explanation.

清楚地解釋了論證/解釋和具體論點。

通過徹底評估推理邏輯以及證據的相關性、可信度、充分性和一緻性來評估論證。

相關時，識别虛假論述和謬誤推理（即邏輯謬誤），并解釋替代論點或證據，以改進論證/解釋的邏輯。

FOR NGSS:

Considers currently accepted explanations or models, the sufficiency and consistency of empirical evidence, including the student's own generated evidence, and limitations of empirical evidence.

考慮當前接受的解釋或模型、實驗證據的充分性和一緻性，包括學生自己生成的證據，以及實驗證據的局限性。

8

Clearly explains an argument/explanation and specific claims.

Evaluates the argument by thoroughly assessing the logic of the reasoning and the relevance, credibility, sufficiency, and consistency of evidence.

Identifies false statements and fallacious reasoning (i.e., logical fallacies) and explains alternate claims or evidence to improve the logic of the argument/ explanation.

Determines what additional information is required to resolve contradictions.

清楚地解釋了論證/解釋和具體論點。

通過徹底評估推理邏輯以及證據的相關性、可信度、充分性和一緻性來評估論證。

識别錯誤論述和謬誤推理（即邏輯謬誤），并解釋替代論點或證據，以改進論證/解釋的邏輯。

确定解決矛盾所需要的附加信息。

FOR NGSS:

Considers currently accepted explanations and models, new evidence, the sufficiency and consistency of empirical evidence, including the student's own generated evidence, and limitations of empirical evidence.

考慮當前接受的解釋和模型、新證據、實驗證據的充分性和一緻性，包括學生自己生成的證據，以及實驗證據的局限性。

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